KegelPro
Thirty-three sources

Everything the program is built on.

Every entry below was retrieved and verified. Nothing here is reconstructed from memory, and where only an abstract was accessible, that is noted. Several secondary blog and commercial summaries surfaced during research and are deliberately not cited, because their numbers could not be traced to a primary source.

What this list does not contain. A source proving that this training produces a specific outcome for you. There isn't one, for anybody, and the quiz says so on the screen before it shows you a number: the strongest evidence here is that these muscles get measurably stronger with training. Effects on sexual function come from small, mostly unblinded studies; the most rigorous pooled analysis of them found the exercises on their own came second to their comparators, and no urology guideline recommends this training by itself. For continence after prostate surgery, guidelines recommend the training and the largest randomised trial found no difference at twelve months.

Sexual function — premature ejaculation

  1. La Pera G, Nicastro A. A new treatment for premature ejaculation: the rehabilitation of the pelvic floor. J Sex Marital Ther. 1996;22(1):22–26. PMID 8699493. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926239608405302
  2. Pastore AL, Palleschi G, Leto A, et al. A prospective randomized study to compare pelvic floor rehabilitation and dapoxetine for treatment of lifelong premature ejaculation. Int J Androl. 2012;35(4):528–533. PMID 22320846. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01243.x
  3. Pastore AL, Palleschi G, Fuschi A, et al. Pelvic floor muscle rehabilitation for patients with lifelong premature ejaculation: a novel therapeutic approach. Ther Adv Urol. 2014;6(3):83–88. PMID 24883105. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756287214523329 (full text read)
  4. Lyu Y, Gong J, He H, Xu H, Dong H, Duan Y. Differential efficacy of pelvic floor muscle training in primary versus acquired premature ejaculation: an 8-week comparative study using non-invasive biomechanical assessment. Sex Med. 2025;13(5):qfaf081. PMID 41090039. https://doi.org/10.1093/sexmed/qfaf081 (abstract)
  5. de Oliveira FA, Lima LB, da Costa MO, Uchôa SMM, Lenzi J, Gouveia GPM. Efficacy of pelvic floor muscle training in the management of premature ejaculation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Sex Med. 2026;23(6):qdag131. PMID 42132359. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsxmed/qdag131 (abstract)

Sexual function — erectile and combined

  1. Dorey G, Speakman M, Feneley R, Swinkels A, Dunn C, Ewings P. Randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle exercises and manometric biofeedback for erectile dysfunction. Br J Gen Pract. 2004;54(508):819–825. PMID 15527607. https://bjgp.org/content/54/508/819 (full text read — source of the Box 1 home protocol)
  2. Dorey G, Speakman MJ, Feneley RCL, Swinkels A, Dunn CDR. Pelvic floor exercises for erectile dysfunction. BJU Int. 2005;96(4):595–597. PMID 16104916. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05690.x
  3. Lavoisier P, Roy P, Dantony E, Watrelot A, Ruggeri J, Dumoulin S. Pelvic-floor muscle rehabilitation in erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Phys Ther. 2014;94(12):1731–1743. PMID 25082919. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20130354
  4. Cohen D, Gonzalez J, Goldstein I. The role of pelvic floor muscles in male sexual dysfunction and pelvic pain. Sex Med Rev. 2016;4(1):53–62. PMID 27872005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2015.10.001
  5. Geraerts I, Van Poppel H, Devoogdt N, et al. Pelvic floor muscle training for erectile dysfunction and climacturia 1 year after nerve sparing radical prostatectomy: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Impot Res. 2016;28(1):9–13. PMID 26538105. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2015.24
  6. Myers C, Smith M. Pelvic floor muscle training improves erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation: a systematic review. Physiotherapy. 2019;105(2):235–243. PMID 30979506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2019.01.002
  7. Wong C, Louie DR, Beach C. A systematic review of pelvic floor muscle training for erectile dysfunction after prostatectomy and recommendations to guide further research. J Sex Med. 2020;17(4):737–748. PMID 32029399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.01.008

Sexual function — pooled analyses and guidelines

  1. Chen Y, Wang W, Jia Y, Wu M, Song L, Tu C. Effect of different physical activities on erectile dysfunction in adult men not receiving phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology. 2024. PMID 38937909. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.13682 (abstract only, via a secondary summary; the full text has not been read, so nothing numeric from it is quoted anywhere on this site)
  2. Shindel AW, Althof SE, Carrier S, et al. Disorders of Ejaculation: An AUA/SMSNA Guideline. J Urol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002392 · Guideline landing page: https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/disorders-of-ejaculation (guideline page retrieved; it contains no standalone pelvic-floor recommendation)
  3. Melnik T, Althof S, Atallah AN, Puga MED, Glina S, Riera R. Psychosocial interventions for premature ejaculation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(8):CD008195. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008195.pub2
  4. Romano L, Arcaniolo D, Spirito L, et al. Comparison of Current International Guidelines on Premature Ejaculation: 2024 Update. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024;14(16):1819. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14161819 (full text read)

Continence and post-prostatectomy

  1. Van Kampen M, De Weerdt W, Van Poppel H, De Ridder D, Feys H, Baert L. Effect of pelvic-floor re-education on duration and degree of incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;355(9198):98–102. PMID 10675166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03473-X
  2. Filocamo MT, Li Marzi V, Del Popolo G, Cecconi F, Marzocco M, Tosto A, Nicita G. Effectiveness of early pelvic floor rehabilitation treatment for post-prostatectomy incontinence. Eur Urol. 2005;48(5):734–738. PMID 16002204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2005.06.004
  3. Dorey G, Glazener C, Buckley B, Cochran C, Moore K. Developing a pelvic floor muscle training regimen for use in a trial intervention. Physiotherapy. 2009;95(3):199–209. PMID 19635340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2009.03.003
  4. Goode PS, Burgio KL, Johnson TM 2nd, et al. Behavioral therapy with or without biofeedback and pelvic floor electrical stimulation for persistent postprostatectomy incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2011;305(2):151–159. PMID 21224456. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1972
  5. Glazener C, Boachie C, Buckley B, et al. Urinary incontinence in men after formal one-to-one pelvic-floor muscle training following radical prostatectomy or transurethral resection of the prostate (MAPS): two parallel randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2011;378(9788):328–337. PMID 21741700. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60751-4
  6. Anderson CA, Omar MI, Campbell SE, Hunter KF, Cody JD, Glazener CMA. Conservative management for postprostatectomy urinary incontinence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(1):CD001843. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001843.pub5
  7. Milios JE, Ackland TR, Green DJ. Pelvic floor muscle training in radical prostatectomy: a randomized controlled trial of the impacts on pelvic floor muscle function and urinary incontinence. BMC Urol. 2019;19:116. PMID 31729959. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-019-0546-5 (full text read — source of our dose comparison)
  8. Breyer BN, Kim SK, Kirkby E, Marianes A, Vanni AJ, Westney OL. Updates to Incontinence After Prostate Treatment: AUA/GURS/SUFU Guideline (2024). J Urol. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000004088 · Guideline landing page: https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/incontinence-after-prostate-treatment
  9. Dumoulin C, Glazener C, Jenkinson D. Determining the optimal pelvic floor muscle training regimen for women with stress urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30(5):746–753. PMID 21661024. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.21104

Relaxation, hypertonicity, pelvic pain

  1. Clemens JQ, Nadler RB, Schaeffer AJ, Belani J, Albaugh J, Bushman W. Biofeedback, pelvic floor re-education, and bladder training for male chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology. 2000;56(6):951–955. PMID 11113739. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(00)00796-2
  2. Faubion SS, Shuster LT, Bharucha AE. Recognition and management of nonrelaxing pelvic floor dysfunction. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(2):187–193. PMID 22305030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.09.004
  3. Afyouni AS, et al. Urologic manifestations of nonrelaxing pelvic floor dysfunction: insights on clinical workup and management. Curr Urol Rep. 2025;26(1):66. PMID 41094314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-025-01290-4

Professional-body patient protocols

  1. Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. A Guide to the Pelvic Floor Muscles for Men. Patient information leaflet OMI 74150, January 2024 (review January 2027). https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/media/in3ekdyl/74150guide.pdf (full text read)
  2. North Bristol NHS Trust. Pelvic floor exercises for men. Physiotherapy patient information. https://www.nbt.nhs.uk/our-services/a-z-services/physiotherapy/physiotherapy-patient-information/pelvic-floor-exercises-men (full text read)

Regulatory / claims

  1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. General Wellness: Policy for Low Risk Devices. Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff. Revised final guidance issued 6 January 2026 (supersedes September 2019). https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/general-wellness-policy-low-risk-devices
  2. U.S. Federal Trade Commission. Health Products Compliance Guidance. December 2022 (replaces the 1998 dietary-supplement advertising guide; scope broadened to all health-related product advertising). https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/resources/health-products-compliance-guidance
  3. Apple. App Review Guidelines, §1.4.1 Physical Harm and §5.1 Privacy. https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/guidelines/

Regulatory reading behind the claims policy

Items 27 to 29 above are not evidence for the program; they are the rules the program's copy is written against. The full internal claims guide, including the phrasings we will not use, lives in docs/clinical-foundation.md §E.